When the battery without electricity has the following phenomena, it can be concluded that the battery has been damaged and has no repair value.

　　①长时间补充充电后电解液仍无变化，不冒气，密度不变，端电压低，摸蓄电池外壳发热。

　　(1) The electrolyte remained unchanged after a long period of recharge, no gas escaping, constant density, low terminal voltage, heating by touching the battery shell.

　　②电解液混浊，呈棕色或青色，正极板或负极板零落严重。

　　(2) The electrolyte is cloudy, brown or blue, and the positive or negative plates are scattered seriously.

　　③从加液口察看极板，能够看到极板厚度不均，负极板两面的隔板收缩，简直碰到正极板，呈现弯曲。    ④原来蓄电池存电缺乏，充电时端电压快速上升、电解液沸腾、密度不变，待中止充电不久，端电压又降落。

　　(3) By inspecting the plate from the filling port, we can see that the thickness of the plate is uneven, and the partitions on both sides of the negative plate shrink, almost touching the positive plate, showing bending. (4) The original battery is short of storage power, the terminal voltage rises rapidly, the electrolyte boils, the density remains unchanged, and the terminal voltage falls again soon after the charging is stopped.

　　⑤塑料蓄电池壳四壁向外凸起，主要是极板零落物质挤落在极板间而向外挤胀之故。

　　_The four walls of the plastic battery shell bulge outwards, mainly because the scattered material of the plate squeezes between the plates and expands outwards.

　　蓄电弛常见的毛病有以下几种：极板硫化；自行放电；极板短路；活性物质零落；极板拱曲；外壳裂损、变形以及封口胶决裂。

　　Common problems of storage relaxation are as follows: plate vulcanization; self-discharge; plate short circuit; active material scattering; plate arch; shell cracking, deformation and sealing rubber cracking.

　　悬架可分为非独立悬架、独立悬架和多桥汽车的均衡悬架。

　　Suspension can be divided into independent suspension, independent suspension and balanced suspension of multi-bridge vehicle.

　　非独立悬架在构造上的特性是两侧车轮由一根整体式车桥（轴）相连，车轮连车桥一同经过弹性悬架挂接在车架的下面。

　　The structural characteristics of the non-independent suspension are that the wheels on both sides are connected by an integral axle (axle), and the wheels and bridges are connected together under the frame through an elastic suspension.

　　采用独立悬挂时，车桥（轴）都做成断开式的，即分为两段。当一边车轮发作跳动时，    另一边的车轮不受影响。显然，独立悬架在工作时汽车要平稳得多，但由于构造复杂，除某些小客车外，多数载货汽车依然采用非独立悬架。多轴汽车的全部车轮假如都是单独地刚性悬挂在车架上，则在不平道路上行驶时将不能保证一切车轮同时接触空中。如全部车轮采用独立悬架，将使汽车构造变得很复杂。将两个车桥（如三轴汽车的中桥和后桥）装在均衡杆的两端，均衡杆中部与车架作铰链式的衔接。这样一个车架抬高将使另一车架降落，而且，由于均衡杆两臂等长，则两个车架上的垂直载荷在任何状况下都相等，处理了在不平道路上行驶不能保证一切车轮同时接触空中的问题。

　　When independent suspension is adopted, the axle (axle) is made of disconnected type, which is divided into two sections. Wheels on one side are unaffected when they bounce. Obviously, the independent suspension is much smoother when the vehicle works, but due to the complex structure, most trucks except some buses still use the independent suspension. If all the wheels of a multi-axle vehicle are rigidly suspended separately on the frame, they will not be able to ensure that all the wheels touch the air at the same time when driving on uneven roads. If all the wheels are suspended independently, the structure of the car will become very complicated. Two axles (such as the middle axle and the rear axle of a three-axle vehicle) are installed at both ends of the equalizer bar, and the middle of the equalizer bar is hinged with the frame. Such an elevation of the frame will cause another frame to land. Moreover, due to the equal arm length of the equalizing rod, the vertical loads on the two frames are equal in any case, which can solve the problem that driving on uneven roads can not guarantee that all the wheels touch the air at the same time.