1. Proper use of tools

拆装总成、零、部件联接螺栓及各种轴、轴承、齿轮等时，使用合适工具，不允许用錾子剔打或电、气焊切割，也不允许用活扳手代替锤子敲打。若必须用锤子击打时，应垫以软金属冲棒或衬板，以防损伤零件或基体。

When disassembling and assembling assemblies, components, connecting bolts, and various shafts, bearings, gears, etc., appropriate tools should be used. It is not allowed to use chisels or electric or gas welding to cut, nor is it allowed to use a wrench to replace a hammer to strike. If it is necessary to strike with a hammer, a soft metal punch or liner should be used to prevent damage to the parts or substrate.

拆装机件时，避免损伤机件工作表面。能够使用拉压工具进行分解和装配的机件，应使用拉压工具，不得硬砸或乱敲击。

When disassembling machinery, avoid damaging the working surface of the machinery. Machine parts that can be disassembled and assembled using tension and compression tools should use tension and compression tools, and should not be forcefully smashed or randomly knocked.

2．总成或零件分解时，应做标记。

When disassembling assemblies or parts, markings should be made.

解体各总成、零部件时，对偶合件、旋转件和不能互换的零件均应在拆散之前检查原来有无装配记号，没有的应重新做标记(如对高速汽车的轮胎与轮辋安装位置做记号)，以防装错而破坏了原配合或平衡状态。常言道：修理匠，怎么拆，怎么装，不怕缺件时间长，就怕忘记怎样装。

When disassembling various assemblies and components, the mating parts, rotating parts, and non interchangeable parts should be checked for assembly marks before disassembly. If not, they should be re marked (such as marking the installation position of tires and rims on high-speed cars) to prevent incorrect installation and damage to the original fit or balance state. As the saying goes, a repairman is not afraid of missing parts for a long time, but also afraid of forgetting how to install them.

有安装方向要求的，应看好原方向或做上标记，以防装反。如活塞、气缸垫、连杆等，做记号非常重要。

For those with installation direction requirements, the original direction should be kept clear or marked to prevent reverse installation. Marking is very important for pistons, cylinder gaskets, connecting rods, etc.

3．零件清洗

3. Parts cleaning

清洗滚动轴承时，清洗液的温度不应过高。

When cleaning rolling bearings, the temperature of the cleaning solution should not be too high.

下列机件不能用碱性溶液清洗：

The following components cannot be cleaned with alkaline solution:

①橡胶件、油封、非金属摩擦片等。

① Rubber parts, oil seals, non-metallic friction plates, etc.

②各种胶木齿轮和塑料零件、铝合金、锌合金等件。

② Various rubber wood gears and plastic parts, aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, and other components.

机件经化学溶液清洗后，应用净水反复冲洗，以洗净表面化学溶液。总成、零件清洗后，应用干净试布擦净或用压缩空气吹干。

After cleaning the parts with a chemical solution, they should be repeatedly rinsed with clean water to clean the surface chemical solution. After cleaning the assembly and parts, they should be wiped clean with a clean cloth or dried with compressed air.

零件清洗后，应防止碰伤精加工表面，不急于装配的应涂上保护层，以防锈蚀。

After cleaning the parts, it is necessary to prevent damage to the precision machining surface. If there is no rush to assemble, a protective layer should be applied to prevent rust and corrosion.

油管、气管的内部应彻底清洗干净，以保证管路畅通。安装管接头时，不允许缠绕棉纱等物，以防堵塞管道。

The interior of the oil pipe and trachea should be thoroughly cleaned to ensure smooth operation of the pipeline. When installing pipe joints, it is not allowed to wrap cotton yarn or other materials to prevent blockage of the pipeline.

4．螺栓(母)的紧固

4. Tightening of bolts (nuts)

有力矩要求的螺栓，应按修理或使用说明书规定的力矩或拧紧操作要求拧紧。

Bolts with torque requirements should be tightened according to the torque or tightening operation requirements specified in the repair or user manual.

装复螺栓、螺母时，按需要加装与螺栓直径相一致的垫圈，垫圈内径不能过大。

When reinstalling bolts and nuts, add washers with the same diameter as the bolts as needed, and the inner diameter of the washers should not be too large.

装复螺栓的长度应适当，不能露出过长或旋人部分过短，应将螺孔内的油、水、杂物清理干净后，再拧上螺栓。

The length of the reassembled bolt should be appropriate, and it should not expose too long or the threaded part too short. The oil, water, and debris in the screw hole should be cleaned before tightening the bolt.

技术要求较高部位处的螺栓、螺母，应仔细检查其螺纹状况及自锁能力好坏，不能任意用其他螺栓(母)代替。

For bolts and nuts with high technical requirements, their thread condition and self-locking ability should be carefully checked, and other bolts (nuts) should not be used arbitrarily to replace them.

用数个螺栓联接的结合面，在装配时应按规定的先后次序，分数次且用不同的力矩拧紧，无特殊要求的，一般应交叉对称且均匀地拧紧，不要先将某个螺栓(母)一次拧紧，以防零件变形或结合不紧。

The joint surface connected by several bolts should be tightened in the specified order and with different torques. If there are no special requirements, it should be tightened symmetrically and evenly. Do not tighten one bolt (nut) at a time first to prevent deformation or loose connection of the parts.

锁止可靠。用锁销来锁止的螺栓应注意锁销直径与锁孔内径配合适当，将锁销的一片扣在螺母的方平面上，不能弯扣在螺栓端头上。若用铁丝锁紧时，应按方向将锁线拉紧并锁好。镀铜或自锁的螺栓、螺母，不能多次反复使用，以防锁止失效。

Reliable locking. When locking bolts with locking pins, attention should be paid to the appropriate match between the diameter of the locking pin and the inner diameter of the locking hole. One piece of the locking pin should be fastened to the square plane of the nut and not bent onto the bolt end. When locking with iron wire, the locking wire should be pulled and locked in the direction. Copper plated or self-locking bolts and nuts should not be used repeatedly to prevent locking failure.

5．联接件的拆卸

5. Disassembly of connecting components

拆卸螺纹联接件时，应注意螺纹的旋向，对于多螺栓联接件，还应注意其拆卸顺序。双头螺栓可在螺杆上拧紧两螺母，然后用扳手拆卸。对于生锈螺栓可采用反复进退方法、锤子敲击法、煤油浸泡法或喷灯加热法等进行拆卸。拆卸螺纹联接时，不能随便增加接力杆，以防螺栓被拧断。出现断头螺栓时，若其断头高出基体，可将高出端锉成方形或焊上一个螺母将其拧出；若断头在机体内，可在螺栓端部钻一个小于螺栓直径的孔，然后敲入一方冲或攻反扣螺纹后用丝锥或反扣螺栓将断头螺栓拧出。

When disassembling threaded connectors, attention should be paid to the direction of thread rotation. For multi bolt connectors, the disassembly sequence should also be noted. Double headed bolts can be tightened with two nuts on the screw and then disassembled with a wrench. Rusty bolts can be disassembled using methods such as repeated forward and backward movement, hammering, kerosene immersion, or spray heating. When disassembling threaded connections, do not add a relay rod casually to prevent the bolt from being twisted off. When a broken bolt occurs, if its broken end is higher than the substrate, the protruding end can be filed into a square or welded with a nut to screw it out; If the broken head is inside the body, a hole smaller than the diameter of the bolt can be drilled at the end of the bolt, and then a square punch or counter threaded thread can be tapped or counterthreaded before using a tap or counter threaded bolt to unscrew the broken head bolt.

过盈配合件的拆卸，应尽量采用拉压器等专用工具拆卸。无专用工具时，可垫软金属或木块进行敲击拆卸。不允许用锤子直接敲击零件表面，以防零件被敲坏。

The disassembly of interference fit parts should be carried out using special tools such as tension and compression tools as much as possible. When there are no specialized tools available, soft metal or wooden blocks can be used to knock and disassemble. It is not allowed to directly strike the surface of the parts with a hammer to prevent them from being damaged.

拆卸铆接件时，一般在修理中不拆，若出现铆钉松动或需要换铆接零件，可将铆钉钻掉或錾去。

When disassembling riveted parts, they are generally not removed during repair. If the rivets become loose or need to be replaced, the rivets can be drilled or chiseled off.

6．油封、衬垫的安装

6. Installation of oil seals and gaskets

注意转轴与油封孔的同轴度，衬垫的材料和厚度均要符合要求，以防松旷或密封不良。另外，油封的选择要符合要求。

Pay attention to the coaxiality between the shaft and the oil seal hole, and ensure that the material and thickness of the gasket meet the requirements to prevent looseness or poor sealing. In addition, the selection of oil seals should meet the requirements.

密封衬垫厚度要适当，使安装完毕之后，既能完成封油作用，又能不使有关零件出现松旷或变形。

The thickness of the sealing gasket should be appropriate, so that after installation, it can not only complete the sealing effect, but also prevent the relevant parts from becoming loose or deformed.