活塞在汽缸中做高速运动，长时间工作后会产生磨损，当磨损达到一定程度后，将引起发动机动力性、经济性明显下降。
When the piston moves at high speed in the cylinder, it will be worn after working for a long time. When the wear reaches a certain degree, it will cause a significant decline in the power and economy of the engine.
(1)汽缸磨损规律
(1) Cylinder wear law
汽缸正常磨损的特征是不均匀磨损。汽缸孔沿高度方向磨损成上大下小的倒锥形，大磨损部位是活塞处于上止点时道活塞环对应的汽缸壁位置，汽缸沿圆周方向的磨损形成不规则的椭圆形，其大磨损部位一般是前后或左右方向。
The normal wear of cylinder is characterized by uneven wear. The cylinder hole is worn into an inverted cone with large top and small bottom along the height direction. The large wear part is the cylinder wall position corresponding to the piston ring when the piston is at the top dead center. The wear of the cylinder along the circumferential direction forms an irregular oval, and the large wear part is generally in the front and rear or left and right directions.
造成上述不均匀磨损的原因是:活塞在上止点附近时各道环的背压大，其中又以道环为大，以下逐渐减小;加之汽缸上部温度高，润滑条件差，进气中的灰尘附着量多，废气中的酸性物质引起的腐蚀等.导致汽缸上部磨损较大。而圆周方向的大磨损部位主要是侧向力、曲轴的轴向窜动等造成的。
The reasons for the above uneven wear are: when the piston is near the top dead center, the back pressure of each track ring is large, especially the track ring, which gradually decreases below; In addition, the upper part of the cylinder has high temperature, poor lubrication conditions, a large amount of dust adhesion in the intake air, corrosion caused by acidic substances in the exhaust gas, etc., resulting in large wear of the upper part of the cylinder. The large wear parts in the circumferential direction are mainly caused by the lateral force and the axial movement of the crankshaft.
(2)汽缸磨损的检测
(2) Detection of cylinder wear
汽缸的磨损程度一般用圆度和圆柱度表示，也有的以标准尺寸和汽缸磨损后的大尺寸之差值来衡量，如桑塔纳、捷达等汽车。
The wear degree of the cylinder is generally expressed by roundness and cylindricity, and some are measured by the difference between the standard size and the large size of the cylinder after wear, such as Santana, Jetta and other cars.
圆度误差是指同一截面上磨损的不均匀性，用同一横截面上不同方向测得的大直径与小直径差值之半作为圆度误差。
Roundness error refers to the non-uniformity of wear on the same cross section. Half of the difference between large diameter and small diameter measured in different directions on the same cross section is used as roundness error.
.圆柱度误差是指沿汽缸轴线的轴向截面上磨损的不均匀性，用被测汽缸表面任意方向所测得的大直径与小直径差值之半作为圆柱度误差。
Cylindricity error refers to the non-uniformity of wear on the axial section along the cylinder axis. Half of the difference between large diameter and small diameter measured in any direction on the surface of the measured cylinder is used as the cylindricity error.
在进行测量时，测量部位的选择很重要，汽缸的测量位置如图2.1.5所示，在汽缸体上部距汽缸上平面10mm处，汽缸中部和汽缸下部距缸套下口10mm处的三个截面，按A,B两个方向分别测量汽缸的直径。
During measurement, the selection of measuring parts is very important. The measuring position of the cylinder is shown in figure 2.1.5. The diameter of the cylinder is measured in two directions a and B at the three sections where the upper part of the cylinder block is 10mm from the upper plane of the cylinder and the middle and lower parts of the cylinder are 10mm from the lower opening of the cylinder liner.
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测量时，通常使用量缸表，其方法如下:
The cylinder gauge is usually used for measurement, and the method is as follows:
1)汽缸圆度的测量
1) Measurement of cylinder roundness
①根据汽缸直径的尺寸，选择合适的接杆，装人量缸表的下端，并使伸缩杆有1-2mm的压缩量。
① According to the size of the cylinder diameter, select the appropriate extension rod, install it at the lower end of the cylinder gauge, and make the telescopic rod have a compression of 1-2mm.
②将量缸表的测杆伸人到汽缸中的相应部位，微微摆动表杆，使测杆与汽缸线垂直，量缸表指示的小读数即为正确的汽缸直径。用量缸表在部位A向测量，旋转表盘使“0”刻度对准大表针，然后将测杆在此截面上旋转900，此时表针所指刻度与“0”位刻度之差的1/2即为该截面的圆度误差。
② Extend the measuring rod of the cylinder gauge to the corresponding position in the cylinder, slightly swing the measuring rod to make the measuring rod perpendicular to the cylinder centerline, and the small reading indicated by the cylinder gauge is the correct cylinder diameter. The measuring cylinder gauge is measured in direction a, rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large gauge needle, and then rotate the measuring rod 900 on this section. At this time, 1 / 2 of the difference between the scale pointed by the gauge needle and the "0" scale is the roundness error of this section.
2)汽缸圆柱度的测量
2) Measurement of cylinder cylindricity
用量缸表在上部A向测量并找出正确的直径位置，旋转表盘使“0”刻度对准大表针。然后依次测出其他5个数值，取6个数值中大差值的1/2作为该汽缸的圆柱度误差。
Measure the measuring cylinder gauge in the upper a direction and find out the correct diameter position. Rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large needle. Then measure the other five values in turn, and take 1 / 2 of the large difference among the six values as the cylindricity error of the cylinder.
3)汽缸磨损尺寸的测量
3) Measurement of cylinder wear dimension
一般发动机大磨损尺寸在前后两缸的上部。测量时，用量缸表在上部A向测量并找出正确汽缸直径位置，旋转表盘使“0”刻度对准大表针，并记住小表针所指位置。取出量缸表，将测杆放置于外径干分尺的两测头之间，旋转外径千分尺的活动测头，使量缸表的大指针指向“0”，且小指针指向原来的位置(在汽缸中所指示的位置)。此时，外径千分尺的尺寸即为汽缸的磨损尺寸。
Generally, the large wear size of the engine is on the upper part of the front and rear cylinders. When measuring, measure the cylinder gauge in the upper a direction and find out the correct cylinder diameter position, rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large needle, and remember the position indicated by the small needle. Take out the cylinder gauge, place the measuring rod between the two measuring heads of the outer diameter dry micrometer, rotate the movable measuring head of the outer diameter micrometer, so that the large pointer of the cylinder gauge points to "0" and the small pointer points to the original position (the position indicated in the cylinder). At this time, the dimension of the outside micrometer is the wear dimension of the cylinder.
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